SOME, ANY, NO

SOME: used in positive sentences for countable and uncountable nouns.
Example: I have some friends.

ANY: used in negative sentences or questions for countable and uncountable nouns.
Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago.

EXCEPTION! "some" is used in questions when offering or requesting something that is there.
Examples: Would you like some bread? (offer) - Could I have some water? (request)

SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING: Used in positive sentences.
Example: He lives somewhere near here.

ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING: Used in negative sentences or questions.
Examples: Do you know anything about that boy? - She doesn't have anywhere to go.

NOTHING: Used in positive sentences (with a negative meaning).
Example: This show is very boring! There's nothing interesting!

QUANTITIES

a) 1st match: SOME vs. ANY
SOME  
1) In positive sentences:
I need some butter.


2) In questions when offering or requesting something that is there:
Could I have some water, please? 

ANY
1) In questions:
Is there any cheese left?


2) In negative sentences:
There isn't any milk left.


b) 2nd match: MUCH vs. MANY
MUCH
MUCH + singular
There is much traffic.

MANY
MANY + plural
There are many cars.